Pragmatic

PRAGMATIC


1. EXPRESSIVE:
The next thing I know, cold liquid splashes on my dress, stinking of beer. I looked up to see Ashley. "I'm so sorry," she said over the music, but I could see the small smirk playing along her lips.
http://www.fictionpress.com/fiction/Romance/

It occurs in a party having a crowded condition. One of the girl names Ashley walks quickly and hit “I”. The beer that Ashley brings spills her dress.
It is clear that some one will say sorry if they do any mistake. That condition shows a correct situation to say “sorry”, because Ashley apologizes for spilling the beer.
This context implies expressing in speech act in term of apologizing because it expresses an attitude of someone. She says sorry because of her mistake.
Apology usually functions to show any regret. “I’m so sorry” in such context doesn’t absolutely imply any regret because there is a condition showing an accident on purpose. It is proven by the sentence “the small smirk playing along her lips”. It means apologizing in that condition does not fulfill the correct context.


2. COMMISSIVE
Stella, so naïve! It really is me. I just have an eye out for that new girl in your squad, that's all... He thought smugly - which was really part of the whole truth.
"N-No, David you-you're just saying that bu-but it's not true. It's me! I swear, I'll change, just don't leave me…"
http://www.fictionpress.com/u/763201/Minonette_Snow

There is a pair who has a problem. The girl is Stella, she probably makes a mistake so it makes the boy, David, angry. David decides to break their relationship off but Stella doesn’t want to do it. She looks regret.:
This utterance consider as a promise. Although the girl says it now - I swear, I'll change- , it should be done in the future. It means there will be an action done by the girl in the future.
The “swear” in commisive should have a real action in the future. The execution will happen when the girl does the promise to change herself. It is kind of illocutionary condition, because the girl should do an action in the future.
That utterance can be classified into sincere utterance based on the previous sentence, before her swearing. "N-No, David you-you're just saying that bu-but it's not true..” It shows her intention to make sure the listener.

3. DIRECTIVE
a. Insisting
"No Stella, don't change on my behalf”
http://www.fictionpress.com/u/763201/Minonette_Snow

This continues the utterance above. David wants Stella not to change herself
It does not occur from older to younger or from younger to older position, but it happens in equal position (having same age). It is like a request but it rather forces. It depends on Stella whether she wants to do it or not.
It is classified into directive speech act because the utterance of David had is kind of begging. The word “don’t” in this case can not be called as commanding or ordering, because Stella and David probably have the same age. It is called insisting because Stella has a choice to obey David’s command or not. There would be an appropriate execution if Stella did what David wants and if Stella did what David wanted, there would be perlocutionary condition, because there is an effect of directive speech act.

b. Commanding
Police : Throw your mistemper’d weapons to the ground!
Two men : (they put their weapon down)
[00.09.01]
(Romeo and Juliet movie)

It is the happening when polices with their helicopters command the two men to put their weapons down. The two men do what the polices command
Because the people who command the two men are polices, so they two men will absolutely do what the polices command, because police has an authority.
It is kind of directive speech act because there are people who want some one else do everything they command. It is included in commanding because it happens between police and common people (from higher to lower position). This utterance is applied in a correct context. The action done by the men show perlocutionary condition, because they act direct effect of the commanding.

4. ASSERTIVE
She said in soothing tones. "Everything's gonna be fine now."
http://www.fictionpress.com/u/763201/Minonette_Snow

The condition of this utterance that the girl wants to make herself calm
The utterance “Everything's gonna be fine now” implies every good thing must happen in that condition.
It is assertive speech act because it is kind of statement. She should assert something true, but there might be something terrible previously so that she says such utterance. Her utterance shows the contrary condition that everything is running bad. It is supported by the reported speech “She said in soothing tones”. It shows that she has got something bad which makes her sad. The statement stated by the girl show locutionary condition when she just makes a statement.
It is failed to fulfill the felicity condition because the utterance is applied not in the appropriate context. It happens in a contrary condition.




5. PERFORMATIVE
Suddenly, still ramming the gunpowder down the barrel he heard from far away from the enemy line the command, "Fire!". Private Frank Wilcox ran as quickly as he could as he hunched over out of line of sight of the enemy.
http://www.helium.com/channels/1022-Short-Stories

It is the condition of the war. Frank Wilcox who hears the voice takes his action as quick as possible. He runs to save himself.:
This context provides the effect of declarative speech act. Someone who hears somebody else shouts “fire” will run to safe her/himself.
It is called as a declarative speech act because someone who shouts “fire” in that context, a person definitely having a right to say that. He is probably a sergeant, commander, or King. The soldiers who are commanded should take his weapon and shoot at the enemy. In this case, the action done by Frank Wilcox shows perlocutionarry condition, because he runs when he hears the voice.
We can not exactly know whether this utterance is applied in a correct context or not. Because there is no information telling the reader if the soldiers really shoot at their enemy. We just can see the effect of the utterance to hearer.